> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://anki.mintlify.app/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Adding/Editing ## Adding Cards and Notes Recall from the [basics](./getting-started) that in Anki we add notes rather than cards, and Anki creates cards for us. Click **Add** in the [main window](./studying#decks), and the Add Notes window will appear. Add Screen The top left of the window shows us the current [note type](./getting-started#note-types). If it does not say "Basic," then you may have added some note types when you downloaded a shared deck. The text below assumes that "Basic" is selected. The top right of the window shows us the [deck](./getting-started#decks) cards will be added to. If you would like to add cards to a new deck, you can click on the deck name button and then click **Add**. Below the note type, you'll see some buttons, and an area labelled "Front" and "Back". Front and Back are called [fields](./getting-started#notes--fields), and you can add, remove, and rename them by clicking the "Fields…​" button above. Below the fields is another area labelled "**tags**". Tags are labels that you can attach to your notes, to make organizing and finding notes easier. You can leave the tags blank if you wish, or add one or more of them. Tags are separated by a space. If the tags area says ```text theme={null} vocab check_with_tutor ``` …​then the note you add would have two tags. When you have entered text into the front and back, you can click the **Add** button or press Ctrl+Enter (Command+Enter on a Mac) to add the note to your collection. When you do so, a card will be created as well, and placed into the deck you chose. If you would like to edit a card you added, you can click the history button to search for a recently added card in the [browser](./browsing). For more information on the buttons between the note type and the fields, please see the [editor](./editing) section. ### Duplicate Check Anki checks the first field for uniqueness, so it will warn you if you enter two cards with a Front field of "apple" (for example). The uniqueness check is limited to the current note type, so if you're studying multiple languages, two cards with the same Front would not be listed as duplicates as long as you had a different note type for each language. Anki does not check for duplicates in other fields automatically for efficiency reasons, but the browser has a "Find Duplicates" function, which you can run periodically. ### Effective Learning Different people like to review in different ways, but there are some general concepts to keep in mind. An excellent introduction is [this article](https://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm) on the SuperMemo site. In particular: * **Keep it simple**: The shorter your cards, the easier they are to review. You may be tempted to include lots of information "just in case," but reviews will quickly become painful. * **Don't memorize without understanding**: If you are studying a language, try to avoid large lists of words. The best way to learn languages is in context, which means seeing those words used in a sentence. Likewise, imagine you're studying a computer course. If you attempt to memorize the mountain of acronyms, you'll find it very difficult to make progress. But if you take the time to understand the concepts behind the acronyms, learning the acronyms will become a lot easier. ## Adding a Note Type While basic note types are sufficient for simple cards with only a word or phrase on each side, as soon as you find yourself wanting to include more than one piece of information on the front or back, it's better to split that information up into more fields. You may find yourself thinking "but I only want one card, so why can't I just include the audio, a picture, a hint, and the translation in the Front field?" If you'd prefer to do that, that's fine. But the disadvantage of that approach is that all the information is stuck together. If you wanted to sort your cards by the hint, you wouldn't be able to do that as it is mixed in with the other content. You also wouldn't be able to do things such as moving the audio from the front to the back, except by laboriously copying and pasting it for every note. By keeping content in separate fields, you make it much easier to adjust the layout of your cards in the future. To create a new type of note, choose **Tools > Manage Note Types** from the main Anki window. Then click **Add** to add a new type of note. You will now see another screen that gives you a choice of note types to base the new type on. "Add" means to base the newly created type on one that comes with Anki. "Clone" means to base the newly created type on one that is already in your collection. For instance, if you'd created a French vocab type already, you might want to clone that when creating a German vocab type. After choosing OK, you will be asked to name the new type. The subject material that you are studying is a good choice here – things like "Japanese", "Trivia", and so on. Once you have chosen a name, close the Note Types window, and you will return to the adding window. ## Customizing Fields To customize fields, click the **Fields...** button when adding or editing a note, or while the note type is selected in the Manage Note Types window. Fields You can add, remove, or rename fields by clicking the appropriate buttons. To change the order in which the fields appear in this dialog and the add notes dialog, you can use the reposition button, which asks for the numerical position you want the field to have. So if you want to change a field to be the new first field, enter "1". Alternatively you can also drag and drop the field names to reorder them. To do that, use your mouse or finger to drag the field to the desired position. An indicator will show you where the field will be moved to. Do not use "Tags", "Type", "Deck", "Card", or "FrontSide" as field names, as they are [special fields](./templates/fields#special-fields) and will not work properly. The options at the bottom of the screen allow you to edit various properties of the fields to be used when adding and editing the cards. This is *not* where you customize what appears on your cards when reviewing; for that, please see [templates](./templates/intro). * **Editing Font** allows you to customize the font and size used when editing notes. This is useful if you want to make unimportant information smaller, or increase the size of non-Latin characters which are hard to read. The changes you make here do not affect how cards appear when reviewing: to do that, please see the [templates](./templates/intro) section. If you have enabled the "type in the answer" function, however, the text you type will use the font size defined here. (For information about how to change the actual font face when typing the answer, please see the [checking your answer](./templates/fields#checking-your-answer) section.) * **Sort by this field…​** tells Anki to show this field in the Sort Field column of the browser. You can use this to sort cards by that field. Only one field can be the sort field at once. * **Reverse text direction** is useful if you are studying languages that display text from right to left (RTL), such as Arabic or Hebrew. This setting currently only controls editing; to make sure the text displays correctly during review, you'll need to adjust your [template](./templates/styling#text-direction). * **Use HTML editor by default** is useful if you prefer to edit the fields directly in HTML. * **Collapse by default**. Fields can be collapsed/expanded. The animation can be disabled in the [preferences.](./preferences) * **Exclude from unqualified searches (slower)** can be used if you want the content of a certain field not to appear in unqualified [(not limited to a specific field)](./searching#limiting-to-a-field) searches. After you have added fields, you will probably want to add them to the front or back of your cards. For more information on that, please see the [templates](./templates/intro) section. ## Changing Deck / Note Type While adding, you can click on the top left button to change note type, and the top right button to change deck. The window that opens up will not only allow you to select a deck or note type, but also to add new decks or manage your note types. ## Organizing Content ### Using Decks Appropriately [Decks](./getting-started#decks) are designed to divide your content up into broad categories that you wish to study separately, such as English, Geography, and so on. You may be tempted to create lots of little decks to keep your content organized, such as "my geography book chapter 1", or "food verbs", but this is not recommended, for the following reasons: * Lots of little decks may mean you end up seeing cards in a recognizable order. On older scheduler versions, new cards can only be introduced in deck order. And if you were planning to click on each deck in turn (which is slow), you will end up seeing all the "chapter 1" or "food verb" reviews together. This makes it easier to answer the cards, as you can guess them from the context, which leads to weaker memories. When you need to recall the word or phrase outside Anki, you won't always have the luxury of being shown related content first! * While less of a problem than it was in earlier Anki versions, adding hundreds of decks may cause slowdowns, and very large deck trees with thousands of items can actually break the display of the deck list in Anki versions before 2.1.50. ### Using Tags Instead of creating lots of little decks, it's a better idea to use tags and/or fields to classify your content. Tags are a useful way to boost search results, find specific content, and keep your collection organized. There are many ways of using tags and flags effectively, and thinking in advance about how you want to use them will help you decide what will work best for you. Some people prefer using decks and subdecks to keep their cards organized, but using tags offers a big advantage over decks for that: you can add several tags to a single note, but a single card can only belong to one deck, which makes tags a more powerful and flexible categorization system than decks in most cases. You can also organize tags in trees [in the same way as you can do for decks](./getting-started#decks). For example, instead of creating a "food verbs" deck, you could add those cards to your main language study deck, and tag the cards with "food" and "verb". Since each card can have multiple tags, you can do things like [search](./searching#tags-decks-cards-and-notes) for all verbs, or all food-related vocabulary, or all verbs that are related to food. You can add tags from the Edit window and from the [Browser](./browsing), and you can also add, delete, rename, or organize tags there. Please note that tags work at [note](./getting-started#notes--fields) level, which means that when you tag a card that has siblings, all the siblings will be tagged as well. If you need to tag a single card, but not its siblings, you should consider using flags instead. ### Using Flags Flags are similar to tags, but they will appear during study in the review window, showing a colored flag icon on the upper right area of the screen. You can also search for flagged cards in the Browse screen, rename flags from the browser and create filtered decks from flagged cards, but unlike tags, a single card can have only one flag at a time. Another important difference is that flags work at [card](./getting-started#cards) level, so flagging a card that has siblings won't have any effect on the card's siblings. You can flag / unflag cards directly while in review mode (by pressing Ctrl+1-7 on Windows or Cmd+1-7 on Mac) and from the [Browser.](./browsing) ### The "Marked" Tag Anki treats a tag called "marked" specially. There are options in the review screen and browse screen to add and remove the "marked" tag. The study screen will show a star when the current card's note has that tag. And cards are shown in a different color in the browse screen when their note is marked. Note: Marking is mainly left around for compatibility with older Anki versions; most users will want to use [flags](./editing#using-flags) instead. ### Using Fields For those who like to stay very organized, you can add fields to your notes to classify your content, such as "book", "page", and so on. Anki supports searching in specific fields, which means you can do a search for `"book:my book" page:63` and immediately find what you're looking for. ### Custom Study and Filtered Decks Using [custom study and filtered deck](./filtered-decks) you can create temporary decks out of search terms. This allows you to review your content mixed together in a single deck most of the time (for optimum memory), but also create temporary decks when you need to focus on particular material, such as before a test. The general rule is that if you always want to be able to study some content separately, it should be in a normal deck; if you only occasionally need to be able to study it separately (for a test, when under a backlog, etc.), then filtered decks created from tags, flags, marks or fields are better. ## Editing Features The editor is shown when [adding notes](./editing.md), [editing a note](./studying#editing-and-more) during reviews, or [browsing](./browsing). Editor icons On the top left are two buttons, which open the [fields](./editing#customizing-fields) and [cards](./templates/intro) windows. On the right are buttons that control formatting. Bold, italic and underline work like they do in a word processing program. The next two buttons allow you to subscript or superscript text, which is useful for chemical compounds like H2O or simple mathematical equations like x2. Then, there are two buttons to allow you to change text colour. The rubber eraser button clears any formatting in the currently selected text — including the colour of the text, whether the selected text is bold, etc. The next three buttons allow creating lists, text alignment and text indent. You can use the paper-clip button to select audio, images, and videos from your computer's hard drive and attach them to your notes. Alternatively, you can copy the media onto your computer's clipboard (for instance, by right-clicking an image on the web and choosing "Copy Image") and paste it into the field that you want to place it in. For more information about media, please see the [media](/media) section. The microphone icon allows you to record from your computer's microphone and attach the recording to the note. The Fx button shows shortcuts to add MathJax or [LaTeX](./math) to your notes. The \[…​] buttons are visible when a cloze note type is selected. Cloze icons The `` button allows editing the underlying HTML of a field. HTML icon Anki 2.1.45+ supports adjusting sticky fields directly from the editing screen. If you click on the pin icon on the right of a field, Anki will not clear out the field's content after a note is added. If you find yourself entering the same content into multiple notes, you may find this useful. On previous Anki versions, sticky fields were toggled from the Fields screen. Pin icon Most of the buttons have shortcut keys. You can hover the mouse cursor over a button to see its shortcut. When pasting text, Anki will keep most formatting by default. If you hold down the Shift key while pasting, Anki will strip most of the formatting. Under Preferences, you can toggle "Paste without shift key strips formatting" to modify the default behaviour. ## Cloze Deletion *Cloze deletion* is the process of hiding one or more words in a sentence. For example, if you have the sentence: ```text theme={null} Canberra was founded in 1913. ``` …​and you create a cloze deletion on "1913", then the sentence would become: ```text theme={null} Canberra was founded in [...]. ``` Sometimes sections that have been removed in this fashion are said to be "occluded". For more information on why you might want to use cloze deletion, see Rule 5 [here](https://super-memory.com/articles/20rules.htm). Anki provides a special cloze deletion type of note, to make creating clozes easy. To create a cloze deletion note, select the Cloze note type, and type some text into the "Text" field. Then drag the mouse over the text you want to hide to select it, and click the \[…​] button. Anki will replace the text with: ```text theme={null} Canberra was founded in {{c1::1913}}. ``` The "c1" part means that you have created one cloze deletion in the sentence. You can create more than one deletion if you'd like. For example, if you select Canberra and click \[…​] again, the text will now look like: ```text theme={null} {{c2::Canberra}} was founded in {{c1::1913}}. ``` When you add the above note, Anki will create two cards. The first card will show: ```text theme={null} Canberra was founded in [...]. ``` …​on the question, with the full sentence on the answer. The other card will have the following on the question: ```text theme={null} [...] was founded in 1913. ``` You can also elide multiple sections on the same card. In the above example, if you change c2 to c1, only one card would be created, with both Canberra and 1913 hidden. If you hold down Alt (Option on a Mac) while creating a cloze, Anki will automatically use the same number instead of incrementing it. Cloze deletions don't need to fall on word boundaries, so if you select "anberra" rather than "Canberra" in the above example, the question would appear as "C\[…​] was founded in 1913", giving you a hint. You can also give yourself hints that don't match the text. If you replace the original sentence with: ```text theme={null} Canberra::city was founded in 1913 ``` …​and then press \[…​] after selecting "Canberra::city", Anki will treat the text after the two colons as a hint, changing the text into: ```text theme={null} {{c1::Canberra::city}} was founded in 1913 ``` When the card comes up for review, it will appear as: ```text theme={null} [city] was founded in 1913. ``` For information on testing your ability to type in a cloze deletion correctly, please see the section on [typing answers](./templates/fields#checking-your-answer). From version 2.1.56, nested cloze deletions are supported. For example, the following is valid: ```text theme={null} {{c1::Canberra was {{c2::founded}}}} in 1913 ``` The inner cloze is entirely nested within the outer. There is no support for partial overlaps, such as: ```text theme={null} [...] founded in 1913 -> Canberra was Canberra [...] in 1913 -> was founded ``` with the word "was" appearing in both deletions. The current implementation can only handle a limited amount of nesting. In Anki 24.11, it is 3 levels. In other versions, the limit is around 8, but Anki may become slow as you approach the limit. It is not possible to extend the limit. If you use this feature, it is recommended you limit yourself to a few levels of nesting. Prior to version 2.1.56, if you need to create clozes from overlapping text, add another Text field to your cloze, add it to the [template](./templates/intro), and then when creating notes, paste the text into two separate fields, like so: ```text theme={null} Text1 field: {{c1::Canberra was founded}} in 1913 Text2 field: {{c2::Canberra}} was founded in 1913 ``` The default cloze note type has a second field called Extra, that is shown on the answer side of each card. It can be used for adding some usage notes or extra information. The cloze note type is treated specially by Anki, and cannot be created based on a regular note type. If you wish to customize it, please make sure to clone the existing Cloze type instead of another type of note. Things like formatting can be customized, but it is not possible to add extra card templates to the cloze note type. ## Image Occlusion Anki 23.10+ supports Image Occlusion cards natively. An Image Occlusion (IO) note is a special case of cloze deletion based on images instead of text, and allows you to create cards that hide some parts of an image, testing your knowledge of that hidden information. Image Occlusion ### Adding an image To add IO cards to your collection, open the Add screen, click on "Type" and choose "Image Occlusion" from the list of built-in note types. Then, click on **Select Image** to load an image file saved on your computer's hard drive, or on **Paste image from clipboard** if you have an image copied to the clipboard. ### Adding IO cards After loading an image, the IO editor will open. Click on the icons on the left to add as many areas to your image as you want. There are three basic shapes to choose from: * Rectangle * Ellipse * Polygon You can also choose between two different IO modes for each note: * **Hide All, Guess One**: All areas are hidden and only one area at a time is revealed while learning. * **Hide One, Guess One**: Only one area at a time is hidden and will be revealed during learning. The other areas will be visible. Image Occlusion Modes The default IO note type also has standard fields: **Header** (displayed above the image on the front and back of each card), **Back Extra** (displayed below the image on the back of each card), and **Comments** (not displayed on the cards). To access those from the IO editor, click the **Toggle Mask Editor** button. There you can also view and edit the **Tags** of the note. Once you're done, click on the "Add" button, at the bottom of the screen. Anki will add a card for each shape or group of shapes you added in the previous step, and you can start reviewing them normally. ## Editing IO notes You can edit your IO notes by clicking on "Edit" while reviewing, or directly from the browser. There are several tools that you can use. Of note: * Select: It allows you to select one or more shapes to move, resize, delete or group them. * Zoom: You can freely move the image and zoom in or out using the mouse wheel. * Shapes (Rectangle, Ellipse or Polygon): Use them to add new shapes / cards. * Text: It adds text areas to your image. These text areas can be moved, resized or deleted, but no card will be created when you use this tool. * Undo / Redo. * Zoom In / Out - Reset zoom. * Toggle Translucency: Use this tool to temporarily view the hidden areas. * Delete: Use this tool to delete selected shapes and text areas. Please note that deleting a shape won't delete its associated card automatically; you will need to use Tools>Empty Cards afterwards, the same as with regular cloze deletions. * Duplicate. * Group selection: Use this tool to create a cluster of shapes, which will allow you to move, resize or delete them simultaneously. Please note that two or more single shapes will create only one card once grouped. * Ungroup selection: Select a group and then click this button to make each shape independent again. * Alignment: This tool can be used to align your shapes / text areas as desired. While reviewing IO Cards a "Toggle Masks" button will appear just below the image. This button will temporarily clear all shapes of the note when using "Hide All, Guess One" mode. ## Inputting Non-Latin Characters and Accents All modern computers have built-in support for typing accents and non-Latin characters, and multiple ways to go about it. The method we recommend is by using a keyboard layout for the language you want to learn. Languages with a separate script like Japanese, Chinese, Thai, and so on, have their own layouts specific to that language. European languages that use accents may have their own layout, but can often be typed on a generic "international keyboard" layout. These work by typing the accent, then the character you want accented - e.g. an apostrophe (´) then the letter a (a) gives á. ### Adding international keyboard layouts Instructions on how to use international keyboards vary depending on the operating system and desktop environment that you are using. To get started, please see the links below. Windows: * [https://thegeekpage.com/how-to-add-us-international-keyboard-in-windows-10/](https://thegeekpage.com/how-to-add-us-international-keyboard-in-windows-10/) Mac: * [http://www.macworld.com/article/1147039/os-x/accentinput.html](http://www.macworld.com/article/1147039/os-x/accentinput.html) Linux: * Gnome: [https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-help/stable/tips-specialchars.html.en](https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-help/stable/tips-specialchars.html.en) * KDE Plasma: [https://userbase.kde.org/Tutorials/ComposeKey](https://userbase.kde.org/Tutorials/ComposeKey) ### Adding keyboard layouts for specific languages Keyboards for specific languages are added in a similar way, but we can not cover them all here. For more information, please try searching on the internet for "input Japanese on a mac", "type Chinese on Windows 10", and so on. For Linux it's best to look at the wiki pages of your distro, e.g. [Arch Linux](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Input_method) and [Debian Linux](https://wiki.debian.org/Keyboard#Modern_strategy). As an example, `apt install ibus-anthy` on Debian allows you to type hiragana characters. ### Right-to-left Languages If you are learning a right-to-left language, there are lots of other things to consider. Please see [this page](http://dotancohen.com/howto/rtl_right_to_left.html) for more information. ### Limitations The toolkit on which Anki is built has trouble dealing with a few input methods, such as holding down keys to select accented characters on macOS, and typing characters by holding down the Alt key and typing a numeric code on Windows. ## Unicode Normalization Text like `á` can be represented in multiple ways on a computer, such as using a specific code for that symbol, or by using a standard `a` and then another code for the accent on top. This causes problems when mixing input from different sources, or using different computers - if your computer handles keyboard input in one form, but the content is stored in a different form, it will not match when searching, even though the end result appears identical. To ensure content can easily be found in searches, Anki normalizes the text to a standard form. For most users this process is transparent, but if you are studying certain material like archaic Japanese symbols, the normalization process can end up converting them to a more modern equivalent. If you want character variants preserved, the following in the [debug console](./misc) will turn off normalization: ```python theme={null} mw.col.conf["normalize_note_text"] = False ``` Any content added after that will remain untouched. The trade-off is that you may find it difficult to search for the content if you're switching between operating systems, or pasting content from mixed sources.